CUET

ACCOUNTANCY/BOOK KEEPING-301

There will be one Question Paper which will have 50 questions out of which 40 questions need to be attempted.

Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisations and Partnership Firms

Unit I: Accounting Not-for-Profit Organisation

• Not-for-profit organization: Meaning and Examples.
• Receipts and Payments: Meaning and Concept of fund-based and non-fund-based accounting.
• Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account and Balance sheet from receipt and payment account with additional information.

• Nature of Partnership Firm: Partnership deed (meaning, importance)
• Final Accounts of Partnership: Fixed v/s Fluctuating capital, Division of profit among partners,Profit, and Loss Appropriation account

• Accounting for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities and Distribution of reserves and accumulated profits.
• Goodwill: Nature, Factors affecting and Methods of valuation: Average profit, Super profit, Multiplier, and Capitalisation methods.
• Admission of a Partner: Effect of admission of a partner, Change in profit sharing ratio, the Accounting treatment for goodwill, Revaluation of assets and liabilities, Reserves (accumulated profits), and Adjustment of capitals.
• Retirement/Death of a Partner: Change in profit sharing ratio, Accounting treatment of goodwill, Revaluation of assets and liabilities, Adjustment of accumulated profits (Reserves)

• Meaning, Settlement of accounts: Preparation of realization account and related accounts (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company and insolvency of a Spartner)

• Share Capital: Meaning, Nature and Types.
• Accounting for Share Capital: Issue and Allotment of Equity and Preference Shares; Over subscription and Under subscription; Issue at par, premium and at discount; Calls in advance, Calls in arrears, Issue of shares for consideration other than cash.
• Forfeiture of Shares: Accounting treatment, Re-issue of forfeited shares.
• Presentation of shares and Debentures Capital in the company’s balance sheet.
• Issue of Debenture – At par, premium, and discount; Issue of debentures for considerationother than cash.
• Redemption of the debenture.
• Out of proceeds of fresh issue, accumulated profits, and sinking fund.

Unit VI: Analysis of Financial Statements

• Financial Statements of a Company: Preparation of simple financial statements of a companyin the prescribed form with major headings only.
• Financial Analysis: Meaning, Significance, Purpose, Limitations.
• Tools for Financial Analysis: Comparative statements, Common size statements.
• Accounting Ratios: Meaning and Objectives, Types of ratios:
  • Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio, Liquidity ratio.
  • Solvency Ratio: Debt to equity, Total assets to debt, Proprietary ratio.
  • Activity Ratio: Inventory turnover, Debtors turnover, Payables turnover, Working capital turnover, Fixed assets turnover, Current assets turnover.
  • Profitability Ratio: Gross profit, Operating ratio, Net profitratio, Return on Investment, Earningper Share, Dividend per Share, Profit Earning ratio.

Unit VII: Statement of Changes in Financial Position

• Cash Flow Statement: Meaning and Objectives, Preparation, Adjustments related to depreciation, dividend and tax, sale and purchase of non-current assets (as per revised standard issued by ICAI).

Computerized Accounting System

Unit I: Overview of Computerised Accounting System

• Concept and Types of Computerised Accounting System (CAS).
• Features of a Computerised Accounting System.
• Structure of a Computerised Accounting System

Unit II: Using Computerised Accounting System

• Steps in the installation of CAS, Preparation of chart of accounts, Codification, and Hierarchy of account heads.
• Data entry, Data validation, and Data verification.
• Adjusting entries, Preparation of financial statements, Closing entries, and Opening entries.
• Security of CAS and Security features are generally available in CAS (Students are expected tounderstand and practice the entire accounting process using an accounting package.)

• Concepts of DBMS.Objects in DBMS: Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports.
• Creating data tables for accounting.
• Using queries, forms, and reports for generating accounting information. Applications of DBMS in generating accounting information such as shareholders’ records, sales reports, customers’ profiles,suppliers’ profiles payroll, employees’ profiles, and petty cash registers.

• Concept of an Electronic Spreadsheet (ES).
• Features offered by Electronic Spreadsheet.
• Applications of Electronic Spreadsheet in generating accounting information, preparing depreciation schedules, loan repayment schedules, payroll accounting, and other such company

AGRICULTURE (302)

Unit-1: Agrometeorology, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biochemistry and Microbiology

Agrometerology: Elements of Weather-rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, Sunshine weather forecasting, climate change in relation to crop production

Genetics & Plant Breeding :

(a) Cell and its structure, cell division-mitosis and meiosis and their significance (b) Organisation of the genetic materials in chromosomes, DNA and RNA (c) Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Reasons for the success of Mendel in his experiments, Absence of linkage in Mendel’s experiments. (d) Quantitative inheritance, continuous and discontinuous variation in plants. (e) Monogenic and polygenic inheritance. (f) Role of Genetics in Plant breeding, self and cross-pollinated crops, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and polyploidy, tissue and cell culture. (g) Plant Biotechnologydefinition and scope in crop production.

Biochemistry: pH and buffers,Classification and nomenclature of carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; vitamins and enzymes.

Microbiology: Microbial cell structure,Micro-organisms- Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes, Protozoa and Viruses. Role of micro-organisms in respiration, fermentation and organic matter decomposition

Unit-2: Livestock Production

Scope and importance : (a) Importance of livestock in agriculture and industry, White revolution in India. (b)Important breeds Indian and exotic, distribution of cows, buffaloes and poultry in India.

Care and management : (a) Systems of cattle and poultry housing (b) Principles of feeding, feeding practices

Balanced ration-definition and ingredients. (d) Management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animalsas well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry. (e) Signs of sick animals, symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, Rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagicsepticaemiacoccidiosis,Fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control.

Artificial Insemination : Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement. Livestock Products: Processing and marketing of milk and Milk products

Unit-3: Crop Production

Introduction : (a) Targets and achievements in foodgrain production in India since independence and its future projections, sustainable crop production, commercialization of agriculture and its scope in India. (b) Classification of field crops based on their utility-cereals, pulses, oils seeds, fibre, sugar and forage crops.

Soil, Soil fertility, Fertilizers and Manures: (a) Soil, soil pH, Soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health. (b) Essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms. (c) Soil types of India and their characteristics. (d) Organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers; integrated nutrient management system

Irrigation and Drainage: (a) Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells). (b) Schedulingof irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters. (c) Water requirement of crops. (d) Methods of irrigation and drainage. (e) Watershed management

Weed Control : Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological and Integrated weed management).

Crops: Seed bed preparation, seed treatment, time and method of sowing/planting, seed rate; dose, method and time of fertilizer application, irrigation, interculture and weed control; common pests and diseases, caused by bacteria, fungi virus and nematode and their control, integrated pest management, harvesting, threshing, post harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea, gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem

Unit-4: Horticulture

(a) Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diet, Crop diversification & processing Industry. (b) Orchard- location and layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden. (c) Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn. (d) Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials-definition and examples. Propagation by seed, cutting, budding, layering and grafting. (e) Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of: (i) Fruits - mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes. (ii) Vegetables - Radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage. (iii) Flowers - Gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold. (f) Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation. (g) Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packing

ANTHROPOLOGY (303)

Unit-1: Physical Anthropology:

(i) Preliminary knowledge of Human genetics.Mendel’s Laws of heredity Mono hybrid and Dihybrid ratio.

(ii) Definition of Race and Racial criteria,significance of skin colour,Eye form and colour,Head form, and ABa blood groups as racial criteria.

(iii) Racial classification,distinctive physical features and geographical distribution of the major racial groups of man:Caucasoid,Mongoloid,Negroid andAustraloid.

Unit-2: Prehistoric Archaeology:

(i) Tool Making:Techniques of manufacturing core and flake tools, primary and secondary flaking,pressure flaking,grinding and polishing.Materials used in making prehistoric tools.

(ii) Tool families:Pebble tools,Hand axe,Cleaver,Scrapers,Microliths,Points,Blades,Awl,Graver,Celts, Sickles, Spear-head,Arrow-head and Bone tools.

(iii) Prehistoric Cultures:A brief outline of the following prehistoric cultures of the Paleolithic,Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-

(iv) A comparative study of the salient features of Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures.

Unit-3: Material culture and economic Anthropology:-

(i) Economic life:meaning and aspects, characteristic features of primitive or simple economic sys- tem.

(ii) Subsistence economy:domestication of animals-pastoralism,agriculture-shifting cultivation,horti- culture, terrace cultivation and plough cultivation.

(iii) Brief outline of the methods of hunting,fishing and agriculture with reference to Various communities of North East India as far as practicable.

Unit-4: SocialAnthropologyandEthnography:

A : Social Anthropology :

(i) Family:Definition,forms and types:nuclear family,joint family,family of orientation,family of procreation, monogamous and polygamous (polygynous andpolyandrous).

(ii) Clustered relationship in a nuclear family.

(iii) Rules of residence:Patrilocal,matrilocal,neolocal,avancolocal,bi-local,matripatrilocal.Rulesofdescent: Patrilineal andmatrilineal descent.

(iv) Functions of family,social nature of family.

B : Ethnography:

(i) Abrief outline ofthe land and people ofNorth-EastIndia.

(ii) Study of material culture and economic life of the following communities

(iii) The Garo:Shiftingor Jhum cultivation.

(iv) The Mishing:Plough cultivation

(v) A study of social organization of the AoNaga and theApatani.

Unit-5: Ecology :

(i) Meaning and definition of ecology and environment.

(ii) Elements of the environment:Solid,liquid,andgas.

(iii) Physical or abiotic environment,biological or bioticenvironment and socio cultural environment.

(iv) Man as the main agentto disturb the ecological balance.

Painting, Sculpture, Graphics and Commerical Arts Syllabus of Class 12

PAINTING

• Unit 1: The Rajasthani and Pahari Schools of Miniature Painting
• Unit 2: The Mughal and Deccan schools of miniature painting
• Unit 3: The Bengal School and Cultural Nationalism
• Unit 4: The Modern trends In IndianArt

Unit 1: The Rajasthani and Pahari Schools of Miniature Painting (16th Century A.D to 19th Century A.D.)

Introduction to Indian Miniature Schools: Western-Indian, Pala, Rajasthani, Mughal, Central India, Deccan, and Pahari.

(A) The Rajasthani Schools

1. Origin and development of the following schools inbrief: Mewar, Bundi, Bikaner, Kishangarh, and Jaipur, and the main features of the Rajasthani schools.
2. Study of the following Rajasthani paintings:

• A Folio from Ramayana paintings of Sahibdin - Mewar
• One Court scene or Hunting scene or Festivalscene - Mewar Jagat Singh II
• One Folio from Ragamala or Rasikapriya - Bundi
• One painting of a Hunting Scene in a Forest - Kotah with Kotah Maharaja
• Radha (Bani-Thani) byNihal Chand - Kishangarh
• Pabuji Ki Phad, Folk Scroll painting - Bhilwara
• Maru-Ragini - Mewar
• Raja Aniruddha Singh Hara - Bundi
• Chaugan Players - Jodhpur
• Krishna on swing - Bikaner
• Bharat Meets Rama at Chitrakuta - Jaipur

1. Origin and development of Basohli, Guler, and Kangra schools in brief and main features of the Paharischools
2. Study of the following Pahari Paintings:

• One Folio of Ramayana - Basohli (Sangri – Early Phase)
• One Folio ofGita Govinda of Jaideva by Manaku - Guler
• One Krishna Lila or Bhagavata Purana - Kangra Folio by Nain Sukh
• One painting fromNayaka Nayika - Guler orKangra or Baramasa or Ragamala
• Krishna with Gopis - Basohli
• Nand, Yashoda and Krishna with Kinsmen - Kangra Going to Vrindavana

1. The Mughal School
   • Origin and development of the Mughal school in brief and main features of the Mughal School.
2. Study of the following Mughal Paintings:

• A Folio fromAkbar Namah - Basawan - Akbar
• Baber Crossing theriver Sone - Jagannath - Akbar
• Krishna Lifting Mount Govardhana - Miskin - Akbar
• Birth of Salim - Ramdas - Akbar
• Jahangir holding the picture - Abul Hassan - Jahangir
• Falcon on Bird-Rest - Ustad Mansoor - Jahangir
• Kabir and Raidas - Ustad Faquirullah Khan - Shajahan
• Marriage procession of Dara Shikoh - Haji Madni - Provincial Mughal(Oudh)

• Origin and development of the Deccani school and Main features of the Deccan School.

• Ibrahim AdilShah IIof Bijapur - Bijapur
• Ragini Pat-hamsika - Ahmednagar
• Hazart Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusro - Hyderabad
• Chand Bibi Playing Polo (Chaugan) Golconda

• New Era in Indian art-an introduction

Study of the following paintings:

1. Rama Vanquishing the pride of the ocean - Raja Ravi Verma
2. Journey’s End - AbanidranathTagore
3. Parthasarthi - Nandlal Bose
4. Ghalib’s Poetry Paintingbased on - M.A.R. Chughtai
5. Select a cubistic painting - Gaganendranath Tagore
6. Mother and child - Jamini Roy
7. Female Face - Rabindranath Tagore
8. Hill Women - Amrita Sher Gill
9. Shiv and Sati - Nandlal Bose
10. Rasa-Lila - Kshitindranath Majumdar
11. Radhika - M.A.R. Chughtai
12. Meghdoot - Ram Gopal Vijaivargiy

• National flag and the Symbolic significance of its forms and the colours.
• Contribution of Indian artists in the struggle for National Freedom Movement
• Tiller of the Soil-Nandlal Bose.

• Mother Teresa - M.F. Hussain
• Birth of Poetry - K.K. Hebbar
• Gossip - N.S. Bendre
• Tantric Painting - G.R. Santosh
• Words and images - K.C.S. Pannikar
•  Rama Vanquishing the Pride of the Ocean - Raja Ravi Varma
• Mother and child - Jamini Roy
• Haldi Grinders - Amrita Sher Gil
• The Vulture - Kamlesh Dutt Pande

• Triumph of Labour - D. P. Roychowdhury
• Santhal Family - Ramkinker Vaij
• Standing Woman - Dhanraj Bhagat
• Cries Unheard - Amar Nath Sehgal
• Ganesha Figure - P.V.Jankiram
• Dhanpal - Sankho Chaudhuri
• Chatturmukhi - Aekka Yada Giri Rao

BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/ BIOCHEMISTRY (304) Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: Reproduction

Reproductioninorganisms:Reproduction,a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction –Asexual and sexual;Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission,sporulation, budding,gemmule,fragmentation;vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination–types, agencies and examples; Out breedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementaryidea);Lactation (Elementaryidea).

Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention ofsexually transmitted diseases(STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit II: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism– Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenicinheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance;Chromosomes and genes;Sex determination–Inhumans,birds,honeybee;Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness;Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans;Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’ssyndromes.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance:Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material;Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication;Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code,translation;Gene expression and regulation–Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution–Variation(Mutation andRecombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection;Gene flow and genetic dirft; Hardy-Weinberg’sprinciple; Adaptive Radiation; Humanevolution.

Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines;Cancer, HIV and AIDs;Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture,single cell protein, Biofortification;Apiculture and Animalhusbandry.

Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Unit IV: Biotechnology and ItsApplications

Principles and process of Biotechnology:Genetic engineering(Recombinant DNA technology).

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops;Transgenic Animals;Biosafety issues–Biopiracy and patents.

Unit V: Ecology and environment

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions– mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes–growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number,biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination,oxygen release.

Biodiversity and its conservation:Concept of Biodiversity;Patterns of Biodiversity;Importance of Biodiversity;Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves,National parks and sanctuaries.

Environmental issues:Air pollution and its control;Water pollution and its control;Agro chemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radio active waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming;Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

BUSINESS STUDIES - 305 SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

Principles and Functions of Management

Unit I: Nature and Significance of Management

• Management – concept, objectives, importance.
• Nature of management; Management as Science, Art, Profession.
• Levels of management – top, middle supervisory (First level).
• Management functions – planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.
• Coordination – nature, and importance.

Unit II: Principles of Management

• Principles of Management – meaning, nature and significance.
• Fayol’s principles of management.
• Taylor’s Scientific Management – Principles and Techniques.

Unit III: Business Environment

• Business Environment – meaning and importance.
• Dimensions of Business Environment – Economic, Social, Technological, Political, and Legal.
• Economic Environment in India; Impact of Government policy changes on business and industry, with special reference to the adoption of the policies of liberalization privatization, and globalization.

• Meaning, features, importance, limitations.
• Planning process.
• Types of Plans – Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget, Programme

• Meaning and importance.
• Steps in the process of organizing.
• Structure of organization – functional, and divisional.
• Formal and informal organization.
• Delegation: meaning elements and importance.
• Decentralization: meaning and importance.
• Difference between delegation and decentralization.

• Meaning, need, and importance of staffing.
• Staffing as a part of Human Resources Management.
• Steps in the staffing process.
• Recruitment – meaning and sources.
• Selection – meaning and process.
• Training and Development – meaning, need, methods – on the job and off the job methods of training.

• Meaning, importance, and principles.
• Elements of Direction:
  • Supervision – meaning and importance
    • Motivation – meaning and importance, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; Financial and non-financial incentives.
  • Leadership – meaning, importance; qualities of a good leader.
  • Communication – meaning and importance, formal and informal communication; barriers to effective communication.

Unit VIII: Controlling

• Meaning and importance.
• Relationship between planning and controlling.
• Steps in the process of control.
• Techniques of controlling.

• Business finance – meaning, role, objectives of financial management.
• Financial planning – meaning and importance.
• Capital Structure – meaning and factors.
• Fixed and Working Capital – meaning and factors affecting their requirements.

• Concept of Financial Market: Money Market – nature instruments;
• Capital market: nature and types – primary and secondary market.
• The distinction between capital market and money market.
• Stock Exchange – meaning, functions, NSEI, OCTEI, Trading Procedure.
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – Objectives, Functions.

• Marketing – meaning, functions, role.
• The distinction between marketing and selling.
• Marketing mix – concept and elements:
  • Product – nature, classification, branding, labeling, and packaging
  • Physical distribution: meaning, role; Channels of distribution, – meaning, types, factors, determining the choice of channels.
  • Promotion – meaning and role, promotion mix, Role of Advertising and personal selling; objections to Advertising.
  • Price: factors influencing pricing.

Unit XII: Consumer Protection

• Importance of consumer protection.
• Consumer rights.
• Consumer responsibilities.
• Ways and means of consumer protection – Consumer awareness and legal redressal with special reference to the Consumer Protection Act.
• Role of consumer organizations and NGOs.

Unit XIII: Entrepreneurship Development

• Concept, Functions, and Need.
• Entrepreneurship Characteristics and Competencies.
• Process of Entrepreneurship Development.
• Entrepreneurial Values, Attitudes, and Motivation – Meaning and Concept.

Chemistry - 306 Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic covalent, and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p-type semiconductors.

Unit II: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, the solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – the relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor.

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells. Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations, and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: the distinction between true solutions, colloids, and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions – types of emulsions.

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit VII: p-Block Elements

• Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties, and uses; compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen ( structure only); Phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine ,halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
• Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties, and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
• Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
• Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

• Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
• Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.

• Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
• Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).
• Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
• Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

• Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
• Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

• Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary, and tertiary amines.
• Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

• Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.
• Proteins - Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

• Vitamins – Classification and functions.
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
2. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.
3. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

ECONOMICS/BUSINESS ECONOMICS-309 Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: Introduction to Microeconomics

• What is microeconomics?
• Central problems

Unit II: Consumer Behaviour and Demand

• Consumer’s Equilibrium: meaning and attainment of equilibrium through Utility Approach: One and two commodity cases.
• Demand: market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve, movement along and shifts in the demand curve, price elasticity of demand, measurement of price elasticity of demand – percentage, total expenditure, and geometric methods

• Poverty – absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment;
• Human Capital Formation – How many people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development;
• Rural development: Key issues – credit and marketing – role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification;
• Employment: Growth and changes in work force participation rate in formal and informal sectors; problems and policies
• Infrastructure: Meaning and Types: Cases Studies: Health: Problems and Policies – A critical assessment;
• Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming

• A comparison with neighbours
• India and Pakistan
• India and China
• Issues: economic growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS (310) Syllabus for Class 12

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Unit 1: Construction of isometric scale showing main divisions of 10mm and smaller divisions of 1mm, also showing the leading angles.
Isometric projection (drawn to isometric scale) of solids such as cube; regular prisms and pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal and hexagonal); cone; cylinder; sphere; hemisphere; keeping the base side of the solid parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP. The axis of the solid should be either perpendicular to HP / VP or parallel to HP and VP.

ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Unit 2: Combination of any two above-mentioned solids keeping the base side parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP and placed centrally together (Axis of both the solids should not be given parallel to HP).

Machine Drawing (Machine Parts)

Unit 3: Drawing to full size scale with instruments.

• Introduction of threads: Standard profiles of screw threads - Square, Knuckle, B.S.W., Metric (external and internal); Bolts – Square head, Hexagonal head; Nuts – Square head, Hexagonal head; Plain washer; combination of nut and bolt with or without washer for assembling two parts together.

• Conventional representation of external and internal threads; Types of studs – Plain stud, Square-neck stud, Collar stud; Types of rivets – Snap head, Flat head, Pan head (without tapered neck), 600 Counter Sunk Flat head.

• Open-Bearing
• Bush- Bearing

• Cotter-joints for round-rods (Sleeve and cotter joint)
• Cotter-joints for square rods (Gib and cotter-joint)

• Turnbuckle
• Flange pipe joints are to be shown.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP - 311 Syllabus for Class 12

Unit 1: Entrepreneurial Opportunity

• Sensing Entrepreneurial Opportunities
• Environment Scanning
• Problem Identification
• Idea fields
• Spotting Trends
• Creativity and Innovation

Selecting the Right Opportunity

Unit 2: Entrepreneurial Planning

• Forms of business organization- Sole proprietorship, Partnership, Company
• Business Plan: concept, format.
• Components: Organizational plan; Operational plan; Production plan; Financial plan; Marketing plan;

Human Resource planning

Unit 3: Enterprise Marketing

• Marketing and Sales Strategy
• Branding, Logo, Tagline

Promotion Strategy

Unit 4: Enterprise Growth Strategies

• Franchising: Concept, types, advantages, limitations.
• Mergers and Acquisition: Concept, reasons, types.

• Computation of Working Capital
• Inventory Control and EOQ

• Capital Market- Primary
• Angel Investor: Features
• Venture Capital: Features, funding.

Computer Science/ Informatics Practices - 308 Syllabus for Class 12

Section A

Exception and File Handling in Python

Exception Handling: syntax errors, exceptions, need of exception handling, user-defined exceptions, raising exceptions, handling exceptions, catching exceptions, Try - except - else clause, Try - finally clause, recovering and continuing with finally, built-in exception classes.
File Handling: text file and binary file, file types, open and close files, reading and writing text files, reading and writing binary files using pickle module, file access modes.

Database Concepts

Introduction to database concepts, difference between database and file system, relational data model: concept of domain, tuple, relation, keys - candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key;
Relational algebra: selection, projection, union, set difference and cartesian product;

Structured Query Language

Advantages of using Structured Query Language, Data Definition Language, Data Query Language and Data Manipulation Language, Introduction to MySQL, Creating a database using MySQL, Data Types
Data Definition: CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, Data Query: SELECT, FROM, WHERE
Data Manipulation: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE Math functions: POWER (), ROUND (), MOD ().

Text functions: UCASE ()/UPPER (), LCASE ()/LOWER (), MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR (), LENGTH (), LEFT (), RIGHT (), INSTR (), LTRIM (), RTRIM (), TRIM ().
Date Functions: NOW (), DATE (), MONTH (), MONTHNAME (), YEAR (), DAY (), DAYNAME ().
Aggregate Functions: MAX (), MIN (), AVG (), SUM (), COUNT (); using COUNT (*). Querying and manipulating data using Group by, Having, Order by.
Operations on Relations - Union, Intersection, Minus, Cartesian Product, JOIN

Computer Networks
Introduction to computer networks, Evolution of networking,
Network types: LAN, WAN, MAN
Network devices: Modem, Ethernet Card, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway. Network Topologies: Mesh, Ring, Bus, Star, and Tree topologies
Basic concept of MAC and IP Address Difference between Internet and web

Section B1: Computer Science

Chapter 1: Exception and File Handling in Python

Exception Handling: syntax errors, exceptions, need of exception handling, user-defined exceptions, raising exceptions, handling exceptions, catching exceptions, Try - except - else clause, Try - finally clause, recovering and continuing with finally, built-in exception classes.
File Handling: text file and binary file, file types, open and close files, reading and writing text files, reading and writing binary files using pickle module, file access modes.

Chapter 2: Stack

Stack (List Implementation): Introduction to stack (LIFO Operations), operations on stack (PUSH and POP) and its implementation in python. Expressions in Prefix, Infix and postfix notations, evaluating arithmetic expressions using stack, conversion of Infix expression to postfix expression

Chapter 3: Queue

Queue (List Implementation): Introduction to Queue (FIFO), Operations on Queue (INSERT and DELETE) and its implementation in Python.
Introduction to DQueue and its implementation in Python.

Chapter 4: Searching

Searching: Sequential search, Binary search, Analysis of Sequential and Binary Search. Dry run to identify best, worst and average cases. Implementation of searching techniques in Python.

Chapter 5: Sorting

Overview of sorting techniques, Bubble Sort, Selection Sort and Insertion Sort. Dry run to identify best, worst and average cases. Implementation of sorting techniques in Python.
Hashing: Hash Functions, Collision Resolution, Implementing the Map Abstract Data Type.

Chapter 6: Understanding Data

Data and its purpose, collection and organization; understanding data using statistical methods: mean, median, standard deviation, variance; data interpretation; visualization of data.

Chapter 7: Database Concepts

Introduction to database concepts, difference between database and file system, relational data model: concept of domain, tuple, relation, keys - candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key;
Relational algebra: selection, projection, union, set difference and cartesian product;

Chapter 8: Structured Query Language

Advantages of using Structured Query Language, Data Definition Language, Data Query Language and Data Manipulation Language, Introduction to MySQL, Creating a database using MySQL, Data Types
Data Definition: CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, Data Query: SELECT, FROM, WHERE
Data Manipulation: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE Math functions: POWER (), ROUND (), MOD ().

Text functions: UCASE ()/UPPER (), LCASE ()/LOWER (), MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR (), LENGTH (), LEFT (), RIGHT (), INSTR (), LTRIM (), RTRIM (), TRIM ().
Date Functions: NOW (), DATE (), MONTH (), MONTHNAME (), YEAR (), DAY (), DAYNAME ().
Aggregate Functions: MAX (), MIN (), AVG (), SUM (), COUNT (); using COUNT (*). Querying and manipulating data using Group by, Having, Order by.
Operations on Relations - Union, Intersection, Minus, Cartesian Product, JOIN

Chapter 9: Computer Networks

Introduction to computer networks, Evolution of networking,
Network types: LAN, WAN, MAN
Network devices: Modem, Ethernet Card, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway. Network Topologies: Mesh, Ring, Bus, Star, and Tree topologies
Basic concept of MAC and IP Address Difference between Internet and web

Section B2: Information Practices

Chapter 1: Database Query using SQL

Math functions: POWER (), ROUND (), MOD ().
Text functions: UCASE ()/UPPER (), LCASE ()/LOWER (), MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR (), LENGTH (), LEFT (), RIGHT (), INSTR (), LTRIM (), RTRIM (), TRIM ().
Date Functions: NOW (), DATE (), MONTH (), MONTHNAME (), YEAR (), DAY (), DAYNAME ().
Aggregate Functions: MAX (), MIN (), AVG (), SUM (), COUNT (); using COUNT (*). Querying and manipulating data using Group by, Having, Order by.
Operations on Relations - Union, Intersection, Minus, Cartesian Product, JOIN

Chapter 2: Data Handling using Pandas – I

Introduction to Python libraries- Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib. Data structures in Pandas - Series and DataFrames.
Series: Creation of Series from – and array, dictionary, scalar value; mathematical operations; Head and Tail functions; Selection, Indexing, and Slicing.
DataFrames: creation - from the dictionary of Series, list of dictionaries, Text/CSV files; display; iteration; Operations on Rows and columns: add, select, delete, rename; Head and Tail functions; Indexing using Labels, Boolean Indexing; Styling & Formatting data, Head and Tail functions; Joining, Merging and Concatenations.
Importing/Exporting Data between CSV files and DataFrames.

Chapter 3: Data Handling using Pandas – II

Descriptive Statistics: max, min, count, sum, mean, median, mode, quartile, Standard deviation, variance.
DataFrame operations: Aggregation, group by, Sorting, Deleting and Renaming Index, Pivoting. Handling missing values – dropping and filling.
Importing/Exporting Data between MySQL database and Pandas.

Chapter 4: Plotting Data using Matplotlib

Purpose of plotting; drawing and saving the following types of plots using Matplotlib – line plot, bar graph, histogram, pie chart, frequency polygon, box plot, and scatter plot.
Customizing plots: color, style (dashed, dotted), width; adding label, title, and legend in plots.

Chapter 5: Introduction to Computer Networks

Introduction to Networks, Types of networks: LAN, MAN, WAN. Network Devices: modem, hub, switch, repeater, router, gateway Network Topologies: Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh.
Introduction to Internet, URL, WWW, and its applications- Web, email, Chat, VoIP.
Website: Introduction, the difference between a website and webpage, static vs dynamic web page, web server, and hosting of a website.
Web Browsers: Introduction, commonly used browsers, browser settings, add-ons and plug-ins, cookies.

Chapter 6: Societal Impacts

Digital footprint, Etiquettes for Net surfing and for communicating through social media, data protection, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and their violation, plagiarism licensing and copyrights, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), Cybercrime and cyber laws, hacking, phishing, cyberbullying, Overview of Indian IT Act, preventing cybercrime.
E-waste its a hazard and management
Awareness about health concerns related to the usage of technology like effect on eyesight, physiological issues, and ergonomic aspects.

Chapter 10: Data Communication

Concept of communication, Types of Data Communication, switching techniques
Communication Media: Wired Technologies – Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Ethernet Cable, Optical Fibre;
Introduction to mobile telecommunication technologies Wireless Technologies – Bluetooth, WLAN, Infrared, Microwave
Network Protocol: Need for Protocol, Categorization and Examples of protocol, HTTP, FTP, IP, PPP; electronic mail protocol
Concept of Channel, Bandwidth (Hz, KHz, MHz) and Data Transfer rate (bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps)

Chapter 11: Security Aspects

Threats and prevention: Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spam, Cookies, Adware, Firewall, http vs https
Network Security Concepts: Firewall, Cookies, Hackers and Crackers Antivirus and their workings
Network security threats: Denial of service, Intrusion problems, Snooping, Eavesdropping

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - 307 SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

• Human Beings and Nature
  • (i) Modern schools of ecological thought.
  • (ii) Deep ecology (Gary Snyder, Earth First) vs.shallow ecology.
  • (iii) Stewardship of land (e.g. Wendell Berry).
  • (iv) Social ecology [Marxist environmentalismand socialist ecology (Barry Commoner)].
  • (v) Feminism.
  • (vi) Green Politics (e.g. Germany and England).
  • (vii) Sustainable Development.

Modern schools of ecological thought; definition and basic understanding of Deep Ecology as opposed to Shallow Ecology; Stewardship, Social Ecology - Marxist environmentalism and Socialist Ecology, Eco feminism, Green political movements of Germany and England and Sustainable Development (basic concepts).

• World Wide Fund for Nature – organisation, mission, strategy for conservation.
• Greenpeace – organisation, mission statement, core values, objectives and strategy.

Population and Conservation Ecology

• Population dynamics: factors causing population change (birth, death, immigration and emigration); relation between the factors; age structure and its significance; population pyramids; survivorship curves; three general shapes r and K strategies.
  Factors causing population change (birth, death, immigration and emigration); relation between the factors; Age structure and its significance; Population Pyramids – interpretation and implications. Rate of change of population – the three general shapes of Survivorship Curves, r and K strategies and differences between the two.
• Human populations (Malthusian model and demographic transition).
  Definition of Carrying Capacity; Malthusian view: concept of ‘over-population’ and shortage of resources; Questioning Malthus. Population Growth vs. Disparate Consumption of resources within and amongst nations. Definition and understanding of Demographic Transition; Factors influencing demographic transition.

Population Regulation: growth without regulation (exponential); simple population regulation (logistic growth curve); factors regulating population size (space, food and water, territories, predators, weather and climate, parasite and diseases, disasters and self-regulation). Basic understanding of the Exponential growth curve (J – shaped) and Logistic growth curve (S - shaped); Factors regulating population size (space, food and water, territories, predators, weather and climate, parasite and diseases, disasters and self-regulation).

Human population control: family planning; education; economic growth; status of women.
Strategies for human population control with emphasis on women’s empowerment. (Details of methods of family planning not required.)

• Threats to the ecosystem: habitat destruction; genetic erosion; loss of diversity; expanding agriculture; impound water; waste from human societies; increasing human consumption.Only a brief understanding of the causes and consequences of threats to provisioning and regulatory functions of the ecosystem with suitable examples.
• Conservation: importance; the critical state of Indian forests; conflicts surrounding forested areas - populations and tribals and their rights- tourism - poaching - roads - development projects - dams; scientific forestry and its limitations; social forestry; the role of the forest department; NGOs; joint forestry management; wild life - sanctuaries, conservation and management in India; Project Tiger as a case study in conservation.

Definition of: Conservation, in situ and ex situ conservation. Importance of Conservation.
In-situ conservation: Wildlife sanctuaries, National parks, Biosphere reserves (definition, objectives, features, advantages and disadvantages).
Ex-situ conservation: zoos, aquaria, plant collection (objectives, features, advantages and disadvantages).
Conflicts in managing and conserving Forests: India’s forest cover, issues concerning people living in and around forests with particular reference to tribal rights; threats to forests: poaching, developmental projects like roads and dams, over exploitation of forest resources (direct and indirect).
The role of the forest department and NGOs in managing forests.
Some management measures: scientific forestry, social forestry (various types of social forestry), Joint Forestry Management (JFM), ecotourism.
Definition, scope, advantages and disadvantages of each of the above.
Project Tiger as a case study in conservation: Origin, aims, and objectives, successes, failures.

• Monitoring Pollution
  • Pollution monitoring:- Primary and secondary pollutants. Importance of monitoring air pollution including Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (gaseous and particulate). Concept of carbon credits and carbon trading in regulating emissions. Causes for excessive vehicular pollution and various steps taken to regulate pollution-emission standards for new vehicles, implementation of CNG programme, inspection & maintenance programme for in-use vehicles, phasing out of old commercial vehicles and promotion of public transport.
• Monitoring the atmosphere: techniques.
  • Monitoring at emission source and of ambient air quality, criteria for monitoring stations, types of stations, number of stations, frequency of data collection, characteristics of ambient air sampling, basic consideration for sampling (to be dealt with in brief). Classification of techniques- manual and instrumental. Manual-Passive samplers, High Volume Samplers and Bubbler Systems. Instrumental-photometric techniques-NDIR, Chemiluminescence - principle and use.
• International and national air quality standards.
  • National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM); the main functions of the Central Pollution Board and the State Pollution Control Board, objectives of air quality standards, New name of NAAQM, National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP) objectives of the NAMP.
    Definition of air quality standards and importance; National air quality standards for gases/particulate matter covered under WHO guidelines.
• Water testing: indicators of water quality.
  • Indicators (electrical conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, faecal waste, temperature, hardness, nitrates and sulphates) the significance of each and their interpretations. B.O.D. and C.O.D., theoretical concept only (lab work for better understanding and not for testing)
• Soil testing: indicators of soil type and quality and laboratory work.
  • Soil indicators- the characteristics of a good soil indicator, the three basic types of soil indicators- biological, physical and chemical, two examples of each. The information provided by each of these types of indicators. Definitions, effects and experiments to find out soil respiration, soil pH, soil aggregate, infiltration rate and simple methods of controlling each of these.
• Third World Development
  • Urban-rural divide: urbanisation - push and pull factors; consequences on rural and urban sectors; future trends and projections.
    Causes of migration - push and pull factors, consequences on rural and urban areas and ways to reduce migration. Future trends and projections.
  • A critical appraisal of conventional paradigm of development from the viewpoints of sustainability, environmental impact and equity.
    Definition of Development.
    An understanding that development has become synonymous with growth. This approach has the following impacts on the environment:
    • Ignoring negative environmental impacts;
    • Changing patterns of resource use due to market pressures;
    • Overuse and exploitation of resources;
    • Diversion of scarce resources to luxury goods;
    • Disparate access to resources;
    • Increasing wastes and pollution.

The above to be explained with suitable examples.

• A case study of Gandhian approach in terms of its aims and processes.
  Local self-governance – basic principles behind village policy, Antoday, Sarvoday, Panchayati Raj; local self-sufficiency, local markets and environmental sustainability. Village as the basis of development; promotion of cottage industries and intermediate technologies; focus on employment.
  The above to be contrasted with today’s paradigm of growth.
• Urban environmental planning and management: problems of sanitation; water management; transport; energy; air quality; housing; constraints (economic, political) in tackling the problems; inapplicability of solutions that have worked in the First World and the need for indigenous approach to urban environment.
  A basic understanding of the following urban environmental problems: problems of sanitation, water management, transport, energy; air quality and housing.
  Awareness of some indigenous solutions: Rainwater harvesting, garbage segregation, composting, energy from solid and liquid wastes, sewage management (dry toilets, Decentralized Water Management System (DEWATS)
  Features of new urbanism, goals of smart growth. The following examples of urban planning and management from the third world to be studied:
  • Bogota – Bolivia (Traffic Management);
  • Cuba (Urban agriculture using organic methods);
  • Curitiba – Brazil (Traffic planning and urban renewal using innovative measures);
  • Cochabamba – (Water management and protests against privatisation of water supply).

• Sustainable Agriculture
  • Traditional Agriculture in India: irrigation systems; crop varieties; techniques for maintaining soil fertility; impact of colonialism; Indian agriculture at independence - food scarcity - food import - need for increasing production - the need for land reform; green revolution - HYVs - fertilizers - pesticides - large irrigation projects (dams); critical appraisal of the green revolution from the viewpoints of agro-bio diversity; soil health; ecological impact of pesticides; energy (petroleum and petrochemicals); ability to reach the poorer sections of the rural communities; sustainability - need for sustainable agriculture - characteristics for sustainable agriculture; techniques of water soil and pest management. Definition of the following terms: traditional agriculture, natural farming, organic agriculture, modern agriculture (use of hybrid seeds, high yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides), gene revolution (genetically modified seeds) and sustainable agriculture.Irrigation systems: Macro vs micro irrigation systems - canal irrigation/dam as compared to sprinkler/ drip/ trickle drip/dug wells. Basic features, advantages and disadvantages of each kind. Traditional rainwater harvesting- tankas, khadins, ahar, pynes, zings, johads and eris (suitability of each type in the particular region). Features of pre-colonial agriculture in India: growing for sustenance rather than market; multi-cropping, management of soil health, diversity in seed. Colonial influence: punitive taxation, commercial crops for export and British industry, devaluation of sustainable traditional practices. Bengal famine. Comparative study of pre-colonial, colonial and post- colonial agriculture and their impact. Green Revolution: Origin (food scarcity - food import - need for increasing production). Basic principles of Green Revolution- Development of High Yielding Varieties (HYV); introduction of fertilizers and pesticides; mono cropping. Environmental, social and economic impacts - advantages and disadvantages (from the viewpoints of agro-bio diversity; soil health; ecological impact of pesticides; energy use; input costs; benefits to small and medium farmers, community level and household level food security). Land reform – need, advantages, failures and successes. Elements of sustainable agriculture: Mixed farming, mixed cropping, inter-cropping, crop rotation, use of sustainable practices of water soil and pest management for improving soil fertility (organic fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, green manure, with two examples) and pest control (bio pesticides). Integrated Pest Management (IPM); eating local foods Management of agricultural produce: Storage; Food preservation-different methods like use of low temperatures, high temperatures, drying, canning, preservation by salt and sugar. Transportation of Food. Food processing - Definition, food preservation, packaging, grading. Food adulteration and Food additives- definitions; types of adulteration, harmful effects of adulteration. Quality Marks - ISI (Indian Standard Institute); AGMARK (Agricultural Marketing); FPO(Fruit Product Order) - a brief explanation only.
  • Food: the twin problems of production and access; food situation in the world; integrated and sustainable approach to food security for the Third World. Food Security.Meaning of Food Security, need for food security. The problems in attaining food security - those of production, storage and access. Integrated and sustainable approach to food security for the Third World including working for environmental sustainability and social and economic sustainability through land reform, credit support to farmers, market support to farmers, inadequacies in the present marketing system, ways to improve marketing system, improving access to food, ownership of seeds.An understanding that national level food security may not translate into household and community level food security or long term environmental sustainability unless the above factors are addressed. Main features of the Food Security Law 2013.
• Environmental and Natural Resource Economics
  • Definition: resources; scarcity and growth; natural resource accounting.
    Classification of natural resources - on the basis of origin (abiotic and biotic), on the basis of renewability (renewable and non- renewable), on the basis of development (potential and actual), on the basis of distribution (ubiquitous and localized); scarcity and growth, natural resource accounting.
    Classification of resources as renewable and non-renewable.
    Definition, basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of Physical accounting.
  • GNP vs. other forms of measuring income. GDP, GNP – definitions, advantages and disadvantages of using them as tools for measuring growth.
  • Economic status and welfare (net economic welfare, nature capital, ecological capital, etc.)
    A broad overview of the purpose of environmental economics.
    Definition and classification: Defensive expenditure (its classification); natural/ ecological capital.
  • Externalities: cost benefit analysis (social, ecological).
    Externalities – definition, kinds (positive and negative), impacts.
    Cost Benefit analysis - Definition, the process in brief, advantages and disadvantages.
    EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) - definition, examples, advantages.
  • Natural capital regeneration.
    What is natural capital? Kinds of natural capital; classification of ecosystem services, causes of degradation (acid deposition, air pollution, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and emission of carbon dioxide), ecological footprint and man’s disproportionate use of natural resources, importance of preserving and regenerating natural capital.
• International Relations and the Environment
  • Trans-national characteristics of environmental issues using case study of Amazonia, Trade in Wild Life and Ozone Depletion.
    Case study of Amazonia - causes for exploitation of forests, reasons for acceleration of deforestation, effects of government policies, ecological value of rainforests and possible solutions to the problem.
    Case study of ivory trade in Africa - reasons for flourishing trade of ivory in the past, steps taken to curb the trade and the consequences of ban in trade.
    Case study of ozone depletion - what is meant by ozone layer and how does it get depleted, (Chapman’s cycle), potential effects of ozone depletion, common ozone depleting substances (halons, carbon tetrachloride, CFCs, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide and HCFCs) and their life span in the atmosphere; Ozone hole; steps taken to control ozone depletion.
  • Impact of international politics, national sovereignty and interest.
  • International trade: a theoretical perspective; free trade vs. protectionism; import barriers; domestic industry vs. free trade; transnational companies - a historical perspective (colonialism and its lasting impact today); trade between the first and the third world - characteristics - terms of trade; India's international trade - characteristics - major imports and exports - foreign exchange crises
    - the export imperative and its impact on the environment; the case study of aquaculture in India; diversion of scarce resource from production of subsistence needs to commercial products; toxic waste trade - extent and impact; Globalisation - trade regimes (WTO, GATT, IPR) and their impact on third world.
    Definition, advantages and disadvantages of globalization, free trade, protectionism.
    Transnational Companies (TNCs) – definition; TNCs and environment – conflict of interest.
    History of third world countries’ trade with the developed countries (with special reference to India) with regards to composition and terms of trade (export of primary goods and import of finished goods at higher cost tapping of primary goods leading to environment degradation- open cast mining, agriculture, aquaculture, etc.).
    Case study of aquaculture in India to understand the impact of free trade. Economic allocation of scarce resources and its impact on environment.
    Toxic waste trade – definition, origin, factors sustaining, impact on third world countries (example – health and environmental impacts) and steps to mitigate it (Bamako and Basel Conventions).
    GATT – the organization and its metamorphosis into WTO.
    Principles and functions of WTO: creating a level playing field for international trade through MFN (Most Favoured Nation), NT (National Treatment) and reduction of import barriers - tariff and non tariff barriers and trading to comparative advantages.
    Full forms of and areas addressed in the WTO GATT, TRIPS, TRIMS, Agreement on Agriculture (AOA). A brief understanding of how these agreements impacted India’s trade, food security, economic well-being, environmental sustainability.
    Definition of IPR and its categories: copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial design rights, geographical indicators and trade secrets.
    A brief understanding of each of the above categories.
  • International aid: agencies; advantages; limitations; need for re-orienting aid; aid vs. self-reliance.
    International aid – advantages and disadvantages; Types of Aid: Tied and Untied Aid - advantages and limitations of each.

GEOGRAPHY/GEOLOGY SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

Fundamentals of Human Geography

• Unit I: Human Geography: Nature and Scope
• Unit II: People
  • Population of the world – distribution, density and growth;
  • Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
  • Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition;
  • Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons.
• Unit III: Human Activities
  • Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agriculture and allied activities – some examples from selected countries;
  • Secondary activities – concept; manufacturing: agro-processing, household, small scale, large scale; people engaged in secondary activities – some examples from selected countries;
  • Tertiary activities – concept; trade, transport and communication; services; people engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected countries;
  • Quaternary activities – concept; knowledge based industries; people engaged in quaternary activities – some examples from selected countries.
• Unit IV: Transport, Communication and Trade
  • Land transport – roads, railways – rail network; trans-continental railways;
  • Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes;
  • Air transport – Intercontinental air routes;
  • Oil and gas pipelines;
  • Satellite communication and cyber space;
  • International trade – Basis and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, role of WTO in International trade.
• Unit V: Human Settlements
  • Settlement types – rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.

India: People and Economy

• Unit I: People
  • Migration: international, national – causes and consequences;
  • Human development – selected indicators and regional patterns;
  • Population, environment and development.
• Unit II: Human Settlements
  • Rural settlements – types and distribution;
  • Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification.
• Unit III: Resources and Development
  • Land resources – general land use; agricultural land use – major crops; agricultural development and problems, common property resources;
  • Water resources – availability and utilization – irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods – rain water harvesting and watershed management (one case study related with participatory watershed management to be introduced) ;
  • Mineral and energy resources – metallic and non-metallic minerals and their distribution; conventional and non-conventional energy sources;
  • Industries – types and distribution; industrial location and clustering; changing pattern of selected industries – iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location;
  • Planning in India – target area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).
• Unit IV: Transport, Communication and International Trade
  • Transport and communication — roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil and gas pipelines; national electric grids; communication networkings – radio, television, satellite and internet;
  • International trade — changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports.
• Unit V: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
  • Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal;
  • Urbanisation-rural-urban migration; problem of slums;
  • Land Degradation.

HISTORY Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: The Story of the First Cities Harappan Archaeology

Unit II: Political and Economic History: How Inscriptions tell a story

Broad overview: Political and economic history from the Mauryan to the Gupta period.
Story of discovery: Inscriptions and the decipherment of the script. Shifts in the understanding of political and economic history.
Excerpt: Asokan inscription and Gupta period land grant.
Discussion: Interpretation of inscriptions by historians.

Unit III: Social Histories using the Mahabharata

Broad overview: Issues in social history, including caste, class, kinship and gender.
Story of discovery: Transmission and publications of the Mahabharata.
Excerpt: From the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians.

Unit IV: A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa

Broad overview:

• (a) A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism, Vaisnavism, Saivism.
• (b) Focus on Buddhism.

Story of discovery: Sanchi stupa.
Excerpt: Reproduction of sculptures from Sanchi. Discussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians, other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism.

Unit V: Agrarian Relations The Ain-i- Akbari

Broad overview:

• (a) Structure of agrarian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• (b) Patterns of change over the period.

Story of Discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain-i-Akbari.
Excerpt: From the Ain-i-Akbari
Discussion: Ways in which historians have used the text to reconstruct history.

Unit VI: The Mughal Court: Reconstructing Histories through Chronicles

Broad Overview:

• (a) Outline of political history c. 15th-17th centuries.
• (b) Discussion of the Mughal court and politics.

Story of Discovery: Account of the production of court chronicles, and their subsequent translation and transmission.

Excerpts: from the Akbarnama and Padshahnama.
Discussion: Ways in which historians have used the texts to reconstruct political histories.

Unit VII: New Architecture: Hampi

Broad Overview:

• (a) Outline of new buildings during Vijayanagar period — temples, forts, irrigation facilities.
• (b) Relationship between architecture and the political system.

Story of Discovery: Account of how Hampi was found.
Excerpt: Visuals of buildings at Hampi.
Discussion: Ways in which historians have analysed and interpreted these structures.

Unit VIII: Religious Histories: The Bhakti-Sufi Tradition

Broad Overview:

• (a) Outline of religious developments during this period.
• (b) Ideas and practices of the Bhakti-Sufi saints.

Story of Transmission: How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved.
Excerpt: Extracts from selected Bhakti Sufi works.
Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.

Unit IX: Medieval Society through Travellers’ Accounts

Broad Overview: Outline of social and cultural life as they appear in travellers’ accounts.
Story of their writings: A discussion of where they travelled, why they travelled, what they wrote, and
for whom they wrote.
Excerpts: from Alberuni, Ibn Batuta, Bernier.
Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by historians.

Unit X: Colonialism and Rural Society: Evidence from Official Reports

Broad overview:

• (a) Life of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late 18th century.
• (b) East India Company, revenue settlements and surveys.
• (c) Changes over the nineteenth century.

Story of official records: An account of why official investigations into rural societies were undertaken and the
types of records and reports produced.
Excerpts: From Firminger’s Fifth Report, Accounts of Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, and Deccan Riots Report. Discussion: What the official records tell and do not tell, and how they have been used by historians.

Unit XI: Representations of 1857

Broad Overview:

• (a) The events of 1857-58.
• (b) How these events were recorded and narrated.

Focus: Lucknow.

Excerpts: Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts.
Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened.

Unit XII: Colonialism and Indian Towns: Town Plans and Municipal Reports

Broad Overview: The growth of Mumbai, Chennai, hill stations and cantonments in the 18th and 19th century.
Excerpts: Photographs and paintings. Plans of cities. Extract form town plan reports. Focus on Kolkata town planning.
Discussion: How the above sources can be used to reconstruct the history of towns. What these sources do not reveal.

Unit XIII: Mahatma Gandhi through Contemporary Eyes

Broad Overview:

• (a) The nationalist movement 1918-48,
• (b) The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership.

Focus: Mahatma Gandhi in 1931.
Excerpts: Reports from English and Indian language newspapers and other contemporary writings.
Discussion: How newspapers can be a source of history.

Unit XIV: Partition through Oral Sources

Broad Overview:

• (a) The history of the 1940s;
• (b) Nationalism, Communalism and Partition.

Focus: Punjab and Bengal.
Excerpts: Oral testimonies of those who experienced partition.
Discussion: Ways in which these have been analysed to reconstruct the history of the event.

Unit XV: The Making of the Constitution

Broad Overview:

• (a) Independence and the new nation state.
• (b) The making of the Constitution.

Focus: The Constitutional Assembly debates.
Excerpts: From the debates.
Discussion: What such debates reveal and how they can be analyzed.

HOME SCIENCE-315 Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: Nutrition, Food science and Technology

1. Clinical nutrition and Dietetics
   • a) Significance
   • b) Diet Therapy objectives.
   • c) Role of nutritionist
   • d) Types of diets
   • e) scope and career
2. Public Nutrition and Health
   • a) Concept of Public Health and nutrition.
   • b) Nutritional Problems in India.
   • c) Strategies to tackle nutritional problems.
   • d) Scope and career
3. Catering and food services management
   • a) Types of food service system
   • b) Management in food Services.
   • c) scope and career
4. Food Processing and technology.
   • a) Basic concepts - food science, food Processing food technology, food Manufacturing
   • b) Development of food processing and technology and its importance
   • c) Classification of processed food.
   • d) Scope and career.

Unit II: Human Development: Lifespan Approach

1. Early childhood care and education.
   • a) NCF (Principles and objectives.
   • b) Concept of crèche, day care centre and Montessori schools.
   • c) View point of Psychologist - Piaget and Vygotsky
   • d) Scope and career.
2. Special Education and support services
   • a) Disability
   • b) special Education methods
   • c) scope and career
3. Management of institutions and programmes for children, youth and elderly
   • a) Children: Vulnerable, programmes
   • b) Youth: Vulnerable, programmes
   • c) Elderly: Vulnerable, programmes
   • d) Scope and career

Unit III: Fabric and Apparel.

1. Design for fabric and Apparel
   • a) Design Analysis - structive and Applied
   • b) Elements of design.
   • c) Principles of design.
   • d) Scope and career.
2. Fashion design and Merchandising
   • a) Fashion terminology - Fashion, style, Fad, classic.
   • b) Fashion Development - History and Evolution
   • c) Fashion Merchandising
   • d) Scope and career
3. Production and quality control in the Garment Industry
   • a) Stages of apparel production
   • b) Quality Assurance in the Garment Industry
   • c) Scope and career
4. Care and Maintenance of fabrics in Institutions
   • a) Laundry equipment - Washing drying and ironing
   • b) Institutional laundry
   • c) Scope and career

Unit IV: Resource Management

1. Human Resource Management
   • a) Significance and functions of HRM
   • b) Scope and career
2. Hospitality Management
   • a) Concept of different hospitality establishments
   • b) Guest Cycle
   • c) Departments in Hospitality organizations Front Office, Housekeeping, food and beverages
   • d) Scope and career
3. Consumer Education and Protection
   • a) Consumer Problems.
   • b) Consumer Protection Act (2019) - consumer rights and responsibilities
   • c) Standard Marks - ISI, Agmark, FSSAI, Hallmark, silk Mark, Wool Mark, Eco mark
   • d) Voluntary consumer organizations
   • e) Scope and career.

Unit V: Communication and Extension

1. Development of communication and Journalism
   • a) Basic concepts- Development, Development Journalism, and Development communication.
   • b) Methods of communication
   • c) Scope and career.
2. Media management, Design, and Production
   • a) Media planning
   • b) Media designing and production.
   • c) Media evaluation and feedback
   • d) Scope and career

Unit VI: Career Options after Home Science Education

• Career options of self and wage employment in various fields of Home Science

KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS-PRACTICES IN INDIA-316 SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

1. Agriculture: A Survey
   • Agriculture in Prehistory and Proto history/ Textual Sources/ Types of Lands/ Rain-Fed and Irrigated Crops/ Implements/ Seed and Sowing/ Manures/ Pests and Their Management/ Cattle Management/ Horticulture and Arboriculture/ Fishing/ Agriculture and Society.
2. Architecture: A Survey
   • Early and Classical Architecture
     • Temple Architecture/ Rock-Cut Structures/ Monolithic Temples/ Constructed Temples/ Publicand Private Architecture Architecture: A Survey
   • Medieval & Colonial Architecture
     • Fort and Palace Architecture/ Mosques/ Mausoleums/ Colonial Architecture
3. Dance: A Survey
   • Classical Dance Forms
     • Classical Period/ Middle Period/ Modern Period/ Classical Dance Forms/ Bharatanayam/ Kathakali/ Kathak/ Kucipudi/ Manipuri/ O'issi/ Sattriya
   • Folk Dance Forms
     • Chau/ Bihu/ Rauf/ Padayani/ DolluKunitha/ Dandiya/ Ghumar/ Kalbelia/ Chau & fla/ Bhangra/ Giddha/ Garba/ Lava)i/ Bamboo Dance
4. Education Systems and Practices: A Survey
   • Goals of Indian Education/ Teaching and Learning/ the Teacher and the Student/ Centres of Education/ Temples as First Schools/ Gurukulas/ Viharas and Universities/ Community- Supported Education/ The Continuing System
   • Two Types of Knowledge and the Right Pupil/ Mere Intellectual Knowledge Is Not Enough/The Link between Teacher and Pupil/ Teachers Invite Students to Come to Them/Controlling the Mind and the Senses: the Goal of Indian Education/ Teacher’s Directives toStudents on their Completion of Study/ what Is a Useful Life?/Hsüan-tsang’s (Xuanzang) Impressions of Indian Education/ Hsüan-tsang’s (XuanZang) Description of NalandaUniversity An Italian Explorer’s Record of Indian Education in the 17th Century/ A Description of Indian Education in the 18th Century/ The Teacher’s Subsistence/ Respect for the Teacher/Physical Education and Sports/ Description of the University at Navadveep (Nuddeah) inBengal in 1791/ Love of Learning and Support for Education among Indians/ A W- idespread Colonial Network of Indigenous Schools
5. Ethics: Individual and Social
   • The Cosmic Order/ Buddhist Ethics/ Jain Ethics/ Sikh Ethics/ The Bhakti Movement Primary Texts on Ethics: Individual and Social: A Selection From Jain Granthas/ From Buddhist Granthas/ From Asoka’s Edicts/ From the Kural (tr. P.S. Sundaram)
6. Martial Arts Traditions:ASurvey
   • Texts/ Practice of Martial Arts/ Stick Combat/ Kaarippayau Martial Arts Traditions: A Selection fromPrimary Texts Wrestling in the Mahabharata/ Mallapura_a/ Marmasastram
7. Language and Grammar
   • Languages of India/ Study of Language in India/ Disciplines of Language Studies in India/ Classification of Speech-Sounds/ Theory of Grammar
8. Other Technologies: A Survey
   • Harappan Technologies/ Later pottery/ Glass/ Water Management/ Textile Technology/ Wing Technology/ Pyrotechnics/ Cosmetics and Perfumes Other Technologies: A Selection from PrimaryTexts Gemmology/ Water Management/ Textiles and Garments/ Perfumes and Cosmetics

MASS MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

1. Communication
   • Culture and Communication :- What is culture? Relationship between culture and mass media; communication in the cultural context; media as vehicle of cultural transmission; representation and stereotyping in Mass Media.
   • Communication and Social Change :- Social change: meaning; media as a catalyst for social change (with examples of various social movements).
2. Journalism
   • Qualities of a good Journalist :- An understanding of the following: nose for News, inquisitiveness, language skills, trustworthy and empathy.
   • Ethical Issues in Journalism :- A brief understanding of each of the following with examples: sensationalism, fake news, paid news, plagiarism, advertorials, partisan reporting and sting operations.
3. TV
   • Advertising
     • (i) Advertising concepts & process,
     • (ii) \Functions of Advertising,
     • (iii) Types of Advertising (Cross promotions, Merchandise, Convert Advertising),
     • (iv) Forms of Advertising
   • Film
     • (i) Pre-Shooting stage.
     • (ii) Shooting Stage.
     • (iii) Post-Shooting Stage.
4. Radio
   • Writing for Radio :- Characteristics of a Radio Script: conversational language, active voice, simple sentences, avoidance of technical jargons and capability of creating imageries.
   • Recording Radio Programmes :- Brief understanding of the radio studio and transmission equipment: types of microphones; amplifier, sound mixer, speakers; audio recording.
   • Radio Jockeying :- Role of a radio jockey; skills required: command on language (spoken and written), connectedness with the audience; knowledge about the recording equipment.
5. Cinema
   • History of Cinema :- A brief understanding of the early experiments done by the following: Lumiere Brothers, John Grierson, Robert Flaharty and Dada Saheb Phalke.
   • Cinema Genres :- Defining genre theory; an understanding of the various types of genres (with suitable examples): action, westerns, comedy, crime, drama, fantasy/sci-fi, historical, animation, romance and musical.
   • Cinema and Social Change :- Parallel Cinema movement in India: Issues depicted and low budget production process (with reference to examples such as Shyam Benegal’s Manthan).
6. Social Media
   • Definition of social media
   • Types of social media platforms :- Self-explanatory.
   • Role of social media in democracy :- Role of social media in creating collective identities with reference to sharing of information; cyber activism (with suitable examples)
   • Cyber Crime :- A understanding of online bullying; stalking; trolling; online frauds.
   • Netiquettes :- Meaning and importance of netiquettes; an understanding of netiquettes such as: identification of oneself; respect for others’ privacy, use of appropriate language and imagery; do not spam.
7. New Media
   • Internet as the meeting point of all the mass media.
   • Broadcasting
   • Mass communication model of a few transmitting to a vast number of receivers.
   • Gigantic organization
   • Huge technical infra-structure
   • Large scale revenue
   • The changed paradigm due to the Internet.
   • Empowering an individual to post data on the Internet
   • Information, message in one medium triggering off activity in the others.
   • Many sources of the same information
   • Distribution of the information between indi9viduals on an unprecedented global scale.
   • Rapidity of opinion generation on a local, national and gloabal scale
   • The socio-political implications of the new information order
   • The Strengthening of democracy
   • Emerging trends in Mass Communication

LANGUAGES (IA & IB)

SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

SYLLABUS FOR LANGUAGES (IA AND IB)

Physical Education/ National Cadet Corps(NCC)/ Yoga (321) Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I Sociological Aspects of Physical Education

• Games and sports as man’s cultural heritage. An understanding that sports have been a part of our culture and tradition since time immemorial.
• Development of the individual throughgames and sports. Understanding how games and sports contribute in various ways towards the development of an individual.
• Role of Physical Education in promotingnational integration. How Physical Education helps in promoting National Integration.
• Physical Education and personality development. The role of Physical education in development of personal qualities like an individual attitude, discipline, helpfulness, team spirit, patience, unity, friendship, etc

• Meaning and importance of Sports Training. Definition of Sports Training and its importance
• Methods of training. Methods of Training: Repetition, continuous & fartlek, and interval - Definition, purpose, advantages and procedure of each.

• Isometric and Isotonic exercises. Meaning, advantages and examples of each.
• Circuit Training. Meaning and advantages of circuit training; procedure of conducting circuit training.
• Weight Training. Meaning and advantages of weight training.

• Career options in Physical Education. :- Professional sportsmen, sports manager, teacher/lecturer, sports coach, gym instructor, sports officials, sports events coordinators, sports journalist and commentator, sports software engineer, marketing and manufacturing of sports equipment.
• Important institutions of Physical Education in India :- Functions and objectives of Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports (N.S.N.I.S.), Sports Authority of India (S.A.I), International Olympic Committee (I.O.C), Indian Olympic Association (IOA), YMCA College of Physical Education (Chennai), Lucknow Christian College of Physical Education (LCCPE), Luxmibai National University of Physical Education (LNUPE).Development of training facilities, coaching systems, influence of media and sponsors.

• Tournaments and types of tournaments
  • Candidates should be fully aware of:
    • (a) the definition of ‘tournament’.
    • (b) the types of tournaments: Fixtures, Knock-out, league matches (seeding and byes).
    • (c) merits and demerits of tournaments.
    • (d) objectives and importance of intramural and extramural competitions.
    • (e) Names of the National and International Federations/Bodies controlling the various tournaments/competitions.
• Difference between Professional and Amateur Players

• Meaning and definition of ‘Health’ and ‘Health Education'
  • Meaning and definition of ‘Health’ (mental health and physical health) and ‘Health Education’.
• Principles and importance of Health Education. Health problems and role of Health Education in solving them.
  • Principles and objectives of Health Education. Importance of Health Education for adults and the younger generation through formal and non-formal channels of education. Various prevalent Health Problems: Communicable diseases – meaning, examples and common mode of spread. Epidemics – meaning and examples; Water, noise and air pollution – causes and prevention; Occupational Health Hazards – meaning and examples.
• Disability and Rehabilitation
  • Causes of disability. General principles for prevention of disability;
    Meaning and scope of Rehabilitation; services available for rehabilitation; role of the community and government organizations in rehabilitation programmes.
• Posture
  • Meaning of posture.
    Correct posture – meaning, importance of correct posture (standing, sitting, walking).
    Common postural deformities: kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, flat foot, knock-knees, bowlegged, hunch back, round shoulders – meaning, causes and corrective measures for each.
• Personal hygiene and sleep requirements.
  • Personal hygiene: Meaning of personal hygiene, importance of personal hygiene for a healthy life style. Care of eyes, ears, feet,hair, skin, oral hygiene, nose and clothing. Foot care: causes of corns, broken nails due to tight footwear; Causes of diseases like ring worm, athletes foot due to walking in wet areas; proper care of feet.
  • Sleep requirements: Sleep requirements for different age groups. Effects of insufficient sleep on human body.
• Substance Abuse
  • Effects of use of alcohol and smoking on the individual and society.
    Drugs: Meaning of ‘drugs’ and ‘drug abuse’; Stimulants and Narcotics – Analgesics.
    Awareness of the fact that use of certain drugs has been banned by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) and reasons for the same.

Unit VI: Sports Injuries and First Aid

• Sports related injuries
  • Types of sports related injuries: Soft tissue injuries (contusion, abrasion, strain and sprain) bone injuries (fracture) and joint injuries (dislocation): cause and prevention of each
• Role of a sportsperson in prevention of sports related accidents
  • Types of injuries due to : sudden movement; environment (hot, cold, wet and dry); lack of preparation (warm up, cool down); inadequate clothing, body protection; not following instructions; surface and facilities, equipment being unsafe. Role of individual in prevention of sports related accidents
• First Aid
  • Meaning and importance of ‘First Aid’. First Aid for various sports related injuries.
    First Aid for cuts, grazes, strains, sprains, cramps, blisters, bruises, injuries of bone (fracture and dislocation); application of splints and Thomas splint; First Aid in drowning; Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation (RICE).

Unit VII: Test & Measurement in Sports

• Motor Fitness Test – 50 M Standing Start, 600 M Run/Walk, Sit & Reach Partial Curl Up, Push Ups (Boys), Modified Push-Ups (Girls), Standing Broad Jump, Agility – 4x10 M Shuttle Run
• General Motor Fitness – Barrow three-item general motor ability (Standing Broad Jump, Zig Zag Run, Medicine Ball Put – For Boys: 03 Kg & For Girls: 01 Kg)
• Measurement of Cardio-Vascular Fitness – Harvard Step Test/Rockport Test - Computation of Fitness Index:
  • Duration of the Exercise in Seconds x 1005.5 x Pulse count of 1-1.5 Min after Exercise
  • Rikli & Jones - Senior Citizen Fitness Test
    1. Chair Stand Test for lower body strength
    2. Arm Curl Test for upper body strength
    3. Chair Sit & Reach Test for lower body flexibility
    4. Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility
    5. Eight Foot Up & Go Test for agility
    6. Six Minute Walk Test for Aerobic Endurance

• Meaning and Importance of Biomechanics in Sports
• Types of movements (Flexion, Extension, Abduction & Adduction)
• Newton’s Law of Motion & its application in sports
• Friction & Sports

• Personality; its definition & types – Trait & Types (Sheldon & Jung Classification) & Big Five Theory
• Motivation, its type & techniques
• Exercise Adherence; Reasons to Exercise, Benefits of Exercise
• Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise
• Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports

Legal Studies

PHYSICS-322 Syllabus of Class 12

Unit I: Electrostatics

Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle, and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges, and electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges, and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

Unit II: Current Electricity

Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer – principle, and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Concept of the magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves

Need for displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light–blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection, and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.
Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light.
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
Resolving the power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle nature of light.
Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only the conclusion should be explained.)

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha - particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity – alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays, and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission and fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices

Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators, and semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

Unit X: Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV, and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky, and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

Political Science323 Syllabus for Class 12

Politics in India Since Independence

1. The era of One-Party Dominance: First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level, uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition parties.
2. Nation-Building and Its Problems: Nehru’s approach to nation-building: Legacy of partition: the challenge of ‘refugee’ resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organization and reorganization of states; Political conflicts over language.
3. Politics of Planned Development: Five-year plans, expansion of state sector, and the rise of new economic interests. Famine and suspension of five-year plans. Green revolution and its political fallouts.
4. India’s External Relations: Nehru’s foreign policy. Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971. India’s nuclear programme and shifting alliances in world politics.
5. Challenge to and Restoration of Congress System: Political succession after Nehru. Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967, Congress split and reconstitution, Congress’ victory in 1971 elections, politics of ‘garibi hatao’.
6. Crisis of the Constitutional Order: Search for ‘committed’ bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement. Emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency. 1977 elections and the formation of the Janata Party. Rise of civil liberties organizations.
7. Regional Aspirations and Conflicts: Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis and the anti-Sikh riots of 1984. The Kashmir situation. Challenges and responses in the North East.
8. Rise of New Social Movements: Farmers’ movements, Women’s movement, Environment, and Development-affected people’s movements. Implementation of Mandal Commission report and its aftermath.
9. Democratic Upsurge and Coalition Politics: Participatory upsurge in the 1990s. Rise of the JD and the BJP. The increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics. UF and NDA governments. Elections 2004 and UPA government.
10. Recent Issues and Challenges: Challenge of and responses to globalization: new economic policy and its opposition. Rise of OBCs in North Indian politics. Dalit politics in the electoral and non-electoral arena. Challenge of communalism: Ayodhya dispute, Gujarat riots.

Contemporary World Politics

1. Cold War Era in World Politics: Emergence of two power blocs after the second world war. Arenas of the cold war. Challenges to Bipolarity: Non-Aligned Movement, the quest for new international economic order. India and the cold war.
2. Disintegration of the ‘Second World’ and the Collapse of Bipolarity: New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan states, and, Central Asian states, Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India’s relations with Russia and other post-communist countries.
3. US Dominance in World Politics: Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology. India’s renegotiation of its relationship with the USA.
4. Alternative Centres of Economic and Political Power: Rise of China as an economic power in post- Mao era, creation, and expansion of European Union, ASEAN. India’s changing relations with China.
5. South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era: Democratisation and its reversals in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. Impact of economic globalization on the region. Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia. India’s relations with its neighbours.
6. International Organisations in a Unipolar World: Restructuring and the future of the UN. India’s position in the restructured UN. Rise of new international actors: new international economic organizations, NGOs. How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?
7. Security in Contemporary World: Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or human security: global poverty, health, and education. Issues of human rights and migration.
8. Environment and Natural Resources in Global Politics: Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms. Conflicts over traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people. India’s stand-in global environmental debates.
9. Globalisation and Its Critics: Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of consequences of globalization. Anti-globalization movements. India as an arena of globalization and struggles against it.

PSYCHOLOGY-324 Syllabus for Class 12

Unit I: Variations in Psychological Attributes

The unit aims at studying how people differ with respect to their various psychological attributes. Individual differences in human functioning; Assessment of psychological attributes; Intelligence:
Individual differences in intelligence; Theories of intelligence; Culture and intelligence; Special
abilities: Aptitude — nature, and measurement; Creativity; Emotional intelligence.

Unit II: Self and Personality

This unit focuses on the study of self and personality in the context of different approaches in an effort to appraise the person. The assessment of personality will also be discussed. self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-regulation; Culture and self; Concept of personality; Major approaches — Type and Trait, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Behavioural, Cultural; Assessment of personality: Self-report measures, behavioural analysis, and projective measures.

Unit III: Meeting Life Challenges

This unit deals with the nature of stress and how responses to stress depend on an individual’s appraisal of stressors. Strategies to cope with stress will also be dealt with.
Nature, types and sources of stress; Effects on psychological functioning and health; Coping with stress; Promoting positive health and well-being.

Unit IV: Psychological Disorders

This unit discusses the concepts of normality and abnormality and the major psychological disorders. Concepts of abnormality and psychological disorders; Classification of disorders; Factorsunderlying abnormal behaviour; Major psychological disorders – Anxiety, Somatic, Dissociative, Mood, Schizophrenic, Developmental and Behavioural-Substance use related.

Unit V: Therapeutic Approaches

The unit discusses the goals, techniques, and effectiveness of different approaches to treating psychological disorders.
Nature and process of therapy: Therapeutic relationship; Types of therapies: Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Behaviour and Bio-medical; Alternative therapies — Yoga, Meditation; Rehabilitation of mentally ill.

Unit VI: Attitude and Social Cognition

This unit focuses on the formation and change of attitudes, cultural influences on attributional tendencies, and conditions influencing pro-social behaviour.
Explaining social behaviour: Impression formation and explaining behaviour of others through attributions; Social cognition; Schemas and stereotypes; Nature and components of attitudes; Attitude formation and change; Behaviour in the presence of others; Pro-social behaviour; Prejudice and discrimination; Strategies for handling prejudice.

Unit VII: Social Influence and Group Processes

The unit deals with the concept of the group, its functions, and the dynamics of social influence on conformity, obedience, and compliance. Different conflict resolution strategies will also be discussed.
Conformity, Obedience, and Compliance; Cooperation and Competition; Nature and formation of groups; Types of groups; Social identity; Influence of the group on individual behaviour; Inter-group conflicts; Conflict resolution strategies.

Unit VIII: Psychology and Life

The unit focuses on the application of psychological understanding to some important social issues. Human-environment relationship; Environmental effects on human behaviour: Noise, pollution, crowding, natural disasters; Promoting pro-environmental behaviour; Psychology and social concerns: Aggression, Violence, and Peace, Discrimination and Poverty, health, the impact of television on behaviour.

Unit IX: Developing Psychological Skills

The unit deals with some effective psychological and interpersonal skills for facilitating personal-social development.
Effective psychological skills: Observational skills, Interviewing skills, Testing skills, Counselling
skills — empathy, authenticity, positive regard, and Communication skills — listening.

SOCIOLOGY SYLLABUS FOR CLASS 12

Unit I: Structure of Indian Society

• Introducing Indian Society: Colonialism, Nationalism, Class, and Community
• Demographic Structure
• Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions

• Family and Kinship
• The Caste System
• Tribal Society
• The Market as a Social Institution

• Caste Prejudice, Scheduled Castes, and Other Backward Classes
• The marginalization of Tribal Communities
• The Struggle for Women’s Equality
• The Protection of Religious Minorities
• Caring for the Differently Abled

• Problems of Communalism, Regionalism, Casteism, and Patriarchy
• Role of the State in a Plural, and Unequal Society
• What We Share

• Process of Structural Change: Colonialism, Industrialisation, Urbanisation
• Process of Cultural Change: Modernization, Westernisation, Sanskritisation, Secularisation
• Social Reform Movements and Laws

• The Constitution as an instrument of Social Change
• Parties, Pressure Groups, and Democratic Politics
• Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Social Transformation

• Land Reforms, the Green Revolution, and Agrarian Society
• From Planned Industrialisation to Liberalisation
• Changes in the Class Structure

• Media and Social Change
• Globalization and Social Change

• Media and Social Change
• Globalization and Social Change

• Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants
• Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Castes, Trends in Upper Caste Responses
• Women’s Movements in Independent India
• Tribal Movements
• Environmental Movements

TEACHING APTITUDE (327) Syllabus for Class 12

Note: Test consist of TWO Sections.

• Section A (General Education): has 15 questions. All Questions are compulsory.
• Section B will have many Sub Sections out of which a candidate can choose one or two or three depending on the eligibility conditions of the University they are applying for.
  • Section B.1: Teaching of Languages
  • Section B.2: Teaching of Social Sciences
  • Section B.3: Teaching of Sciences
  • Section B.4: Teaching of Mathematics
  • Section B.5: Teaching of Fine Arts
  • Section B.6: Teaching of Performing Arts
  • Section B.7: Teaching of Physical Education & Yoga